D2266R3
Simpler implicit move

1. Changelog

• R3:

  • Added the Annex C entry.

  • D2266R3 (identical to P2266R3 except for this changelog entry) was reviewed and approved by CWG on 2022-03-25.

• R2:

  • Merged the drive-by bugfix into the main "proposed wording" section.

  • Added new wording for the note in [basic.lval]/4.

  • Added feature-test macro __cpp_implicit_move.

  • Added straw poll results.

  • Added a section on "Implementation Experience", mentioning [D99005].

• R1:

  • Added the drive-by bugfix about lambda-expressions.

2. Background

Starting in C++11, implicit move ([class.copy.elision]/3) permits us to return move-only types by value:

struct Widget {
    Widget(Widget&&);
};

Widget one(Widget w) {
    return w;  // OK since C++11
}

This wording was amended by [CWG1579], which made it legal to call converting constructors accepting an rvalue reference of the returned expression’s type.

struct RRefTaker {
    RRefTaker(Widget&&);
};
RRefTaker two(Widget w) {
    return w;  // OK since C++11 + CWG1579
}

C++20 adopted [P1825], a wording paper created by merging [P0527] and [P1155]. The former introduced the category of "implicitly movable entities," and extended that category to include automatic variables of rvalue reference type. The latter increased the scope of the "implicit move" optimization beyond converting constructors — now, in C++20, the rule is simply that the first overload resolution to initialize the returned object is done by treating w as an rvalue. (The resolution may now produce candidates such as conversion operators and constructors-taking-Base&&.) Of these two changes, P0527’s was the more drastic:

RRefTaker three(Widget&& w) {
    return w;  // OK since C++20 because P0527
}

However, due to the placement of P1825’s new wording in [class.copy.elision]/3, the new wording about "implicitly movable entities" is triggered only when initializing a return object. Functions that do not return objects, do not benefit from this wording. This leads to a surprising result:

Widget&& four(Widget&& w) {
    return w;  // Error
}

In return w, the implicitly movable entity w is treated as an rvalue when the return type of the function is RRefTaker as in example three, but it is treated as an lvalue when the return type of the function is Widget&& as in example four.

3. Problems remaining in C++20

3.1. Conversion operators are treated inconsistently

struct Mutt {
    operator int*() &&;
};
struct Jeff {
    operator int&() &&;
};

int* five(Mutt x) {
    return x;  // OK since C++20 because P1155
}

int& six(Jeff x) {
    return x;  // Error
}

(Mutt here is isomorphic to example nine from [P1155]. P1155 did not explicitly consider Jeff because, at the time, Arthur hadn’t realized that the difference between Mutt and Jeff was significant to the wording.)

3.2. "Perfect backwarding" is treated inconsistently

template<class T>
T&& seven(T&& x) { return x; }

void test_seven(Widget w) {
    Widget& r = seven(w);               // OK
    Widget&& rr = seven(std::move(w));  // Error
}

The line marked "Error" instantiates seven<Widget>, with the signature Widget&& seven(Widget&& x). The rvalue-reference parameter x is an implicitly movable entity according to C++20; but, because the return type is not an object type, implicit move fails to happen — the return type Widget&& cannot bind to the lvalue id-expression x.

The same surprise occurs with decltype(auto) return types:

Widget val();
Widget& lref();
Widget&& rref();

decltype(auto) eight() {
    decltype(auto) x = val();  // OK, x is Widget
    return x;  // OK, return type is Widget, we get copy elision
}

decltype(auto) nine() {
    decltype(auto) x = lref();  // OK, x is Widget&
    return x;  // OK, return type is Widget&
}

decltype(auto) ten() {
    decltype(auto) x = rref();  // OK, x is Widget&&
    return x;  // Error, return type is Widget&&, cannot bind to x
}

We propose to make ten work, by permitting — in fact requiring —the move-eligible id-expression x to be treated as an rvalue.

3.2.1. Interaction with decltype and decltype(auto)

We do not propose to change any of the rules around the deduction of decltype(auto) itself. However, functions with decltype(auto) return types have some subtlety to them.

Consider this extremely contrived example:

decltype(auto) eleven(Widget&& x) {
    return (x);
}

Here, the return type of eleven is the decltype of the expression (x). This is governed by [dcl.type.auto.deduct]/5:

If the placeholder-type-specifier is of the form type-constraint_opt decltype(auto), T shall be the placeholder alone. The type deduced for T is determined as described in [dcl.type.decltype], as though E had been the operand of the decltype.

In C++17, the decltype of (x) was int&. No implicit move happened, because x (being a reference) was not an implicitly movable entity. The lvalue expression (x) happily binds to the function return type int&, and the code compiles OK.

In C++20, the decltype of (x) is int&. x now is an implicitly movable entity, but (because the return type is not an object type) implicit move does not apply. The lvalue expression (x) happily binds to the function return type int&, and the code compiles OK.

We propose to change the behavior of eleven!

Under our proposal, the id-expression x (as the operand of return) is move-eligible, which means it is an xvalue. The function return type is deduced as decltype(E), which is to say, int&& since E is an xvalue. The xvalue expression (x) happily binds to the function return type int&&, and the code compiles OK. But now it returns int&&, not int&.

This does produce surprising inconsistencies in the handling of parentheses; for example,

auto f1(int x) -> decltype(x) { return (x); }     // int
auto f2(int x) -> decltype((x)) { return (x); }   // int&
auto f3(int x) -> decltype(auto) { return (x); }  // C++20: int&. Proposed: int&&
auto g1(int x) -> decltype(x) { return x; }       // int
auto g2(int x) -> decltype((x)) { return x; }     // int&
auto g3(int x) -> decltype(auto) { return x; }    // int

Note that f2 and g2 are well-formed in C++20, but we propose to make f2 and g2 ill-formed, because they attempt to bind an lvalue reference to a move-eligible xvalue expression.

However, C++ users already know to be wary of parentheses anywhere in the vicinity of decltype or decltype(auto). We don’t think we’re adding any significant amount of surprise in this already-arcane area.

3.3. Two overload resolutions are overly confusing

Implicit move is currently expressed in terms of two separate overload resolutions: one treating the operand as an rvalue, and then (if that resolution fails) another one treating the operand as an lvalue.

As far as I know, this is the only place in the language where two separate resolutions are done on the same operand. This mechanism has some counterintuitive ramifications —not problems per se, but surprising and subtle quirks that would be nice to simplify out of the language.

struct Sam {
    Sam(Widget&);        // #1
    Sam(const Widget&);  // #2
};

Sam twelve() {
    Widget w;
    return w;  // calls #2 since C++20 because P1155
}

Note: In C++17 (prior to P1155), #2 would not be found by the first pass because its argument type is not exactly Widget&&. The comment in twelve matches the current Standard wording, and matches the behavior of MSVC, Clang 13+, and GCC 7 through 10. (As of this writing, GCC 11+ have regressed and lost the correct behavior.)

The first overload resolution succeeds, and selects a candidate (#2) that is a worse match than the candidate that would have been selected by the second overload resolution. This is a surprising quirk, which was discussed internally around the time P1825 was adopted (see [CoreReflector]); that discussion petered out with no conclusion except a general sense that the alternative mechanisms discussed (such as introducing a notion of "lvalues that preferentially bind to rvalue references" or "rvalues that reluctantly bind to lvalue references") were strictly worse than the status quo.

struct Frodo {
    Frodo(Widget&);
    Frodo(Widget&&) = delete;
};

Frodo thirteen() {
    Widget w;
    return w;  // Error: the first overload resolution selects a deleted function
}

Here the first pass uniquely finds Frodo(Widget&&), which is a deleted function; does this count as "the first overload resolution fails," or does it count as a success and thus produce an error when we try to use that deleted function? Vendors currently disagree, but [over.match.general]/3 is clear:

If a best viable function exists and is unique, overload resolution succeeds and produces it as the result. Otherwise overload resolution fails and the invocation is ill-formed. [...] Overload resolution results in a usable candidate if overload resolution succeeds and the selected candidate is either not a function ([over.built]), or is a function that is not deleted and is accessible from the context in which overload resolution was performed.

Error from use of deleted function: GCC 5,6,7; GCC 11+ with -std=c++20 ; MSVC; ICC

Non-conforming fallback to Frodo(Widget&): GCC 8,9,10; GCC 11+ with -std=c++17 ; Clang before [D92936]

This implementation divergence would be less likely to exist, if the specification were simplified to avoid relying on the precise formal meaning of "failure." We propose that simplification.

Another example of vendors misinterpreting the meaning of "failure":

struct Merry {};
struct Pippin {};
struct Together : Merry, Pippin {};
struct Quest {
    Quest(Merry&&);
    Quest(Pippin&&);
    Quest(Together&);
};

Quest fourteen() {
    Together t;
    return t;  // C++20: calls Quest(Together&). Proposed: ill-formed
}

Here the first pass finds both Quest(Merry&&) and Quest(Pippin&&). [over.match.general]/3 is clear that ambiguity is an overload resolution failure and the second resolution must be performed. However, EDG’s front-end disagrees.

Fallback to Quest(Together&): GCC; Clang; MSVC

Non-conforming error due to ambiguity in the first pass: ICC

3.4. A specific case involving reference_wrapper

Consider this dangerous function:

std::reference_wrapper<Widget> fifteen() {
    Widget w;
    return w;  // OK until CWG1579; OK after LWG2993. Proposed: ill-formed
}

Prior to [CWG1579] (circa 2014), implicit move was not done, and so w was treated as an lvalue and fifteen was well-formed — it returned a dangling reference to automatic variable w.

CWG1579 made fifteen ill-formed (except on the non-conforming compilers listed above), because now the first overload resolution step would find reference_wrapper(type&&) = delete and hard-error.

Then, [LWG2993] eliminated this deleted constructor from reference_wrapper and replaced it with a SFINAE-constrained constructor from U&&. Now, the first overload resolution step legitimately fails (it finds no viable candidates), and so the second overload resolution is performed and finds a usable candidate — it returns a dangling reference to automatic variable w. This is how the situation stands today in C++20.

We propose to simplify [class.copy.elision]/3 by eliminating the second "fallback" overload resolution. If this proposal is adopted, fifteen will once again become ill-formed.

In the internal discussion of P1825 ([CoreReflector]) one participant opined that making fifteen ill-formed is a good thing, because it correctly diagnoses the dangling reference. The existing two-step mechanism works to defeat the clear intent of reference_wrapper's SFINAE-constrained constructor and permit the returning of dangling references when in fact we don’t want that.

4. Straw polls

4.1. Polls taken in EWG telecon on 2021-03-17

Arthur O’Dwyer presented P2266R1. The following straw polls were taken. The second poll was interpreted as consensus, but with the strong "Against" vote indicating that implementation experience (and an updated paper) was needed before sending P2266 to electronic polling. (Two days later, the first draft of Clang patch [D99005] became available.)

5. Implementation experience

In June 2021, P2266R1 was implemented as the default behavior in Clang’s -std=c++2b mode. This was shipped in the Clang 13 release (July 2021). We are aware of three pieces of industry code that broke as a result of this change. All three have been treated as "dubious code, worth patching" and have been patched already. These are the only three breakages we have seen from deployment of Clang 13’s -std=c++2b mode. See [FieldTesting] for full details. The executive summary of the three breakages is:

5.1. Microsoft’s rvalue std::getline

std::istream& getline(std::istream&& in, ~~~) {
    ~~~
    return in;
}

was changed to

std::istream& getline(std::istream&& in, ~~~) {
    ~~~
    return static_cast<std::istream&>(in);
}

5.2. LibreOffice OString constructor

This is a subtle one, but it boils down to the fact that

struct X {
    X(auto&);
};

X f() {
    char a[10];
    return a;
}

compiles in C++20 (deducing X(char (&)[10])) but not after P2266 (because the returned expression now has type char (&&)[10], which cannot bind to auto&). The solution was to change it by making the return convert explicitly rather than implicitly:

X f() {
    char a[10];
    return X(a);
}

5.3. LibreOffice o3tl::temporary

template<class T>
T& temporary(T&& x) { return x; }

was changed to

template<class T>
T& temporary(T&& x) { return static_cast<T&>(x); }

6. Proposed wording relative to N4861

Consensus is that [class.copy.elision] is no longer the best place to explain "implicit move." We propose to move the wording from [class.copy.elision] to [expr.prim.id.unqual], and introduce the term "move-eligible id-expression" for id-expressions that are xvalues.

Modify [expr.prim.id.unqual]/2 as follows:

The expression is an xvalue if it is move-eligible (see below); an lvalue if the entity is a function, variable, structured binding, data member, or template parameter object ; and a prvalue otherwise; it is a bit-field if the identifier designates a bit-field.

An implicitly movable entity is a variable of automatic storage duration that is either a non-volatile object or an rvalue reference to a non-volatile object type. In the following contexts, an id-expression is move-eligible:

• If the id-expression (possibly parenthesized) is the operand of a return or co_return statement, and names an implicitly movable entity declared in the body or parameter-declaration-clause of the innermost enclosing function or lambda-expression, or
• if the id-expression (possibly parenthesized) is the operand of a throw-expression, and names an implicitly movable entity that belongs to a scope that does not contain the compound-statement of the innermost lambda-expression, try-block , or function-try-block (if any) whose compound-statement or ctor-initializer encloses the throw-expression.

Eliminate [class.copy.elision]/3:

An implicitly movable entity is a variable of automatic storage duration that is either a non-volatile object or an rvalue reference to a non-volatile object type. In the following copy-initialization contexts, a move operation is first considered before attempting a copy operation:

• If the expression in a return or co_return statement is a (possibly parenthesized) id-expression that names an implicitly movable entity declared in the body or parameter-declaration-clause of the innermost enclosing function or lambda-expression, or
• if the operand of a throw-expression is a (possibly parenthesized) id-expression that names an implicitly movable entity that belongs to a scope that does not contain the compound-statement of the innermost try-block or function-try-block (if any) whose compound-statement or ctor-initializer encloses the throw-expression,

overload resolution to select the constructor for the copy or the return_value overload to call is first performed as if the expression or operand were an rvalue. If the first overload resolution fails or was not performed, overload resolution is performed again, considering the expression or operand as an lvalue. [Note 3: This two-stage overload resolution is performed regardless of whether copy elision will occur. It determines the constructor or the return_value overload to be called if elision is not performed, and the selected constructor or return_value overload must be accessible even if the call is elided. — end note]

Also change the definition of g() in [class.copy.elision]/4:

struct Weird {
  Weird();
  Weird(Weird&);
};

Weird g() {
  Weird w;
  return w;  // OK: first overload resolution fails, second overload resolution selects Weird(Weird&)
}
Weird g(bool b) {
  static Weird w1;
  Weird w2;
  if (b) {
    return w1;  // OK: Weird(Weird&)
  } else {
    return w2;  // error: w2 in this context is an xvalue
  }
}

Add a feature-test macro in [cpp.predefined]:

__cpp_implicit_move     DATE-OF-ADOPTION

6.1. Non-normative clarifications

Modify [basic.lval]/4 as follows:

[Note: An expression is an xvalue if it is:

• a move-eligible id-expression ([expr.prim.id.unqual]),

• the result of calling a function, whether implicitly or explicitly, whose return type is an rvalue reference to object type,

• a cast to an rvalue reference to object type,

• a subscripting operation with an xvalue array operand,

• a class member access expression designating a non-static data member of non-reference type in which the object expression is an xvalue, or

• a .* pointer-to-member expression in which the first operand is an xvalue and the second operand is a pointer to data member.

In general, the effect of this rule is that named rvalue references are treated as lvalues and unnamed rvalue references to objects are treated as xvalues; rvalue references to functions are treated as lvalues whether named or not. — end note]

Modify [dcl.type.auto.deduct]/5 as follows:

If the placeholder-type-specifier is of the form type-constraint_opt decltype(auto), T shall be the placeholder alone. The type deduced for T is determined as described in [dcl.type.decltype], as though E had been the operand of the decltype. [Example:

    auto f(int x) -> decltype((x)) { return (x); }   // return type is "int&"
    auto g(int x) -> decltype(auto) { return (x); }  // return type is "int&&"

— end example]

Add yet more examples to [class.copy.elision]/4, showing how the new wording affects functions that return references:

int& h(bool b, int i) {
  static int s;
  if (b) {
    return s;  // OK
  } else {
    return i;  // error: i is an xvalue
  }
}

decltype(auto) h2(Thing t) {
  return t;  // OK: t is an xvalue and h2’s return type is Thing
}

decltype(auto) h3(Thing t) {
  return (t);  // OK: (t) is an xvalue and h3’s return type is Thing&&
}

Add a note after [dcl.init.ref]/5.4.4:

if the reference is an rvalue reference, the initializer expression shall not be an lvalue.

[Note: This can be affected by whether the initializer expression is move-eligible ([expr.prim.id.unqual]). — end note]

6.2. Addition to Annex C

Add to Annex C [diff.cpp20.expr]:

Affected subclause: [expr.prim.id.unqual]
Change: Change move-eligible id-expressions from lvalues to xvalues.
Rationale: Simplify the rules for implicit move.
Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that relies on a returned id-expression’s being an lvalue may change behavior or fail to compile. For example:

    decltype(auto) f(int&& x) { return (x); }  // returns int&&; previously returned int&
    int& g(int&& x) { return x; }  // ill-formed; previously well-formed

7. Acknowledgments

• Thanks to Ville Voutilainen for recommending Arthur write this paper.

• Thanks to Aaron Puchert for inspiring fourteen via his comments on [D68845].

• Thanks to Richard Smith and Jens Maurer for their feedback, and to Jens for proposing the term "move-eligible."

• Thanks to Jens Maurer and Christof Meerwald for the Annex C wording.